The Immunostimulant Effects of Isochrysis galbana Supplemented Diet on the Spleen of Red Hybrid Tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) Evaluated by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Metabolomics

Significant measures at improving aquaculture health have to be taken since disease outbreaks commonly occur in the fast-growing industry. This study aimed determine immunomodulatory properties of an indigenous Malaysian microalgae species, Isochrysis galbana (IG), on red hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis spp.). Then, potential biomarkers for were identified through metabolic changes spleen using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) metabolomics approach. IG was cultivated indoor annular photobioreactor before being harvested and freeze-dried into dried biomass. The biomass incorporated four experimental diets concentrations 0% (diet A), 0.6% B), 1.3% C), 2.5% D), 5.0% E) basal feed per kg. After 14 days feeding, diet D has consistently improved immune responses innate immunity such as phagocytosis ( P > 0.05 ), respiratory burst id="M2"> < lymphoproliferation id="M3"> ) activities which might helped maintaining overall status tilapia. orthogonal partial least squares (OPLS) model between A indicated three important metabolites, namely, isoleucine, glutamate, tyrosine, significantly been upregulated when compared control. Meanwhile, supplementation also resulted lower various metabolites including α/β-glucose, choline, hypoxanthine, adenosine, inosine. Hence, application tools proved IG-incorporated fish by strongly influencing condition cells further boosting response health.